Syftet med vårt arbete har varit att, genom kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer, försöka synliggöra två lärares språksyn och eventuella skillnader mellan deras upplevda och faktiska norm. Vi har också velat undersöka hur deras språksyn genomsyrar deras undervisning i svenska. Undersökningen har genomförts i två klasser på en mångkulturell skola i en större stad i södra Sverige. Vårt resultat visar att lärarna arbetar utifrån normerna för det offentliga språket där de förhåller sig till en kommunikationsteknisk/ändamålsenlig språknormering och ser på språket som ett ändamålsenligt redskap. Resultatet pekar även på att lärarnas upplevda och faktiska norm väl överensstämmer. Lärarna har en till största delen formalistisk språksyn som får genomslag i undervisningen men vi kan också finna flera inslag av en kommunikativ språksyn..

This study looks to establish which implications the norm, use and view on the written Swedish language in society and school might have in regards to the teaching of Swedish in the Upper Secondary School, specifically year one. It poses questions as to which views on norm and use can be found in textbooks, in syllabi and in the everyday work of teachers. Through research and analysis of the last three syllabi of the Swedish subject and three corresponding textbooks, along with interviews with two teachers of Swedish, it is shown that from the 1970s onward, there has been a shift from a language norm that incorporates everybody and makes everybody responsible to a language norm that in essence is second to the individual progress of students and successful written communication. It is argued that one does not necessarily exclude the other and that, given a successful education, students may use their knowledge of lingual norm to excel in written language activities..

This paper was aimed to investigate how a sexual education website, UMO.se, with an explicit norm-critical approach to their work achieved its goal to be norm-critical and inclusive in terms of gender, gender identity and sexual orientation. The investigation was focused on a section of the website, "Ask UMO" where the website visitors could submit questions, which were answered by a midwife, a nurse, a counselor, a psychologist, a nutritionist or a doctor. The questions focused on examining how well the "Ask UMO" lived up to UMOs target norm criticism and if there was any differences between the different professions in how norm-critical and inclusive they were. This was examined by a discourse analysis inspired by Foucault and based on Judith Butler's theory of the heterosexual matrix. The study found that "Ask UMO" in 350 of the sections 425 questions reached UMOs goal to be the norm-critical and inclusive.

Denna uppsats redogör för en studie med syftet att undersöka dialektbruk, dialektattityder samt vilken betydelse dialekten har för identiteten hos gymnasieelever.  Undersökning baseras på två informantgrupper från Gotland och Stockholm som dels genomfört en enkätundersökning, dels deltagit i gruppintervjuer. Resultatet visar att en majoritet av eleverna anser att de talar dialekt och är positiva till dialekternas existens och det är fler flickor som anser sig tala dialekt än pojkar. Det egna sättet att tala har en stark koppling till identiteten framför allt för ungdomarna på Gotland. Dock visar studien att standardspråkets prestige är betydande för båda informantgrupperna.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how staff at secondary schools are thinking and reasoning about notifications to social services based on norm breaking behaviors in students. To find this out five qualitative interviews has been made with counselors in two public schools and three private schools in Örebro län. The results show that there is no clear definition of what norm breaking behavior is which making the reasoning difficult. There are clear procedures for the staff to dealing with norm breaking behaviors but they do not know when they will be applied. The decision to report behavior to the social service is usually not taken individually, it is a result of several people?s views and experiences.

AbstractHomosexuality is surely accepted in today´s society - or isn´t it? Many things have changed, for instance laws, which are in favour for homosexuals, have been introduced, in Sweden that is. As we although know, many things are not only dependent on what laws tell us to do. The society also contains values and norms and they furthermore exist in individuals. Regarding sexuality, the norm is heterosexuality.How much does the norm affect our way of living? In what way is it encouraged? What happens to people who don´t live up to the norm? How is it to be homosexual in today´s society? These are some of the questions that we look upon in this paper.

Individuell, prestationsbaserad lönesättning syftar till att öka anställdas motivation och produktivitet. Dock visar forskning att detta kan leda till missnöje och upplevd löneorättvisa i relation till egen insats samt vid jämförelser med andra människor. Studiens syfte var att undersöka en modell för sjuksköterskors lönetillfredsställelse, innehållande variablerna: faktisk lön, lönerättvisa och attityd till individuell lönesättning, med hänsyn till bakgrundsvariablerna kön och ålder. Författarna ville ta reda på modellens förklaringsvärde samt vilken av faktorerna som bäst kunde predicera lönetillfredsställelse bland sjuksköterskor. Studien baseras på data som insamlades 2004.

The purpose of this study is to examine how some people who do not want children construct their identity in a context where children is the norm. The study therefore focuses on how they legitimate and present their identity in this context. 4 women and 2 men with the intention to remain childless have therefore been interviewed, and from these interviews I analyze and describe how intentional childless people construct their identity. My theoretical framework is built up by discourse psychology and gender/heterosexual hegemony theories. The thesis shows that it is hard for the intentional childless to construct their identity as once and for all given, the identity is constructed as a ?norm? against the norm, as well as affected by the norm.

This thesis has focused on the construction of homosexual parenthood in Swedish law and preparatory work. The purpose was to describe the norms about legal parenthood and examine if and how homosexual parenthood was included in the normative parenthood. The study was jurisprudential and based on methods such as sociology with a juridical focus and critical discourse analysis of the juridical texts. The theoretical framework was the critical discourse analysis as well as a queer perspective, both influenced by social constructionism and a poststructional theory. The conclusion of the study is that parenthood is described from what is presumably best for the child, which is two parents of different sexes and biological origin.

By the same time as the recent enlargement of the European Union, where Poland became a member, it was officially stated that the gender mainstreaming-policy was to be integrated into every area of EU. NGO:s working as entrepreneurs for the gender mainstreaming norm in Poland supported the accession largely because they believed it would help spreading the norm also on a national level. Qualitatively analyzing the Polish case and the difficulties gender mainstreaming as a norm candidate meets with I contrast expectations with what could actually be EU:s role in this matter.Arguing that EU is a context with room for spreading norms by both bargaining and socialization, this paper takes a social constructivist approach. Gender mainstreaming as a norm is difficult for EU to apply on their members, and thus was not widely discussed during accession negotiations. In the same time.

This thesis is based on qualitative text analyses of four works of fiction, used as teaching materials in the school subject of Swedish, from a queer theoretic perspective. The purpose of the study is to examine how sexual identities and expressions are being presented, as well as what positions are offered a reader, in relation to the heterosexual norm. Basis for this thesis are the schools fundamental values, which highlights the importance that intolerance be confronted through both knowledge and active measures, and the syllabus, which states that fiction should be viewed as a tool for identity development as well as an understanding of the outside world.The analyses reveals a distinct connection between the generally accepted heterosexual norm and a professed (or taken for granted) heterosexuality which is being carried out by the characters or the books as a whole. Out of the four titles only one disputes this norm, by offering a wide range of sexual identities and expressions. These expressions, however, are being invalidated ? through insufficient ability to relate to the norm ? or made invisible ? through an imagined heterosexuality which, by superiority over other expressions, excludes them..

Analysis of the piece Pygmalion in set at the Gothenburg City Theatrefrom a gender perspective with the purpose to investigate which genders that arepresented and how the piece relates to the heterosexual norm. The method consists inthe analysis and discussion of how the pieces portrays females and males (with focuson feminine and masculine coded expression and presentation of desire) and whatconsequences it brings. This based on various method books of norm-breaking designwork for Aesthetic staff, and a theory based on Judith Butler's research. Primarymaterial consists in a piece analysis of Pygmalion, from a spectator's perspective.Main Results: The designing is consciously working with a set of norm-breakinggender expression, particularly female genders. The set translates socially criticalviews against patriarchal hierarchies.

På börssidorna i affärstidningarna, Dagens Industri och Finanstidningen, presenteras både det teoretiska priset och marknadspriset för aktieoptioner. Mellan dessa båda priser förekommer det nästan alltid en skillnad. Denna skillnad förklaras med att priserna är baserade på olika volatiliteter. Det är den historiska volatiliteten som används vid beräkning av det teoretiska priset medan det är den förväntade framtida volatiliteten som bestämmer marknadspriset. Syfte: Undersöka förhållandet mellan implicit, faktisk och olika historiska volatiliteter på den svenska optionsmarknaden under år 2000 samt närmare granska rationaliteten i marknadens uppskattning av den faktiska volatiliteten..

In Nuclear family as status Dennis Wijk examines if and how the nuclear family ideals and norms permeates family law secretaries work with families. The aim of the study is to investigate if the nuclear family has the status of ideals and norms in the family law secretaries practice. In order to achieve the aim of conducted four interviews with family law secretaries in Stockholm city. The interviews have been the main data collection. Theoretical concepts which are central in the study are: the nuclear family, institution, ideals, standards, and established and outsiders.

The study is divided into three parts ? the development of wage labour towards becoming the dominant norm in society, how this norm is challenged in a specific geographical context, and lastly a study of two unemployed individuals and their everyday activities, what and especially why certain behaviour occurs. The main purpose with the text is to study unemployed people in a specific geographical context in a overall society where wage labour is thought to be the norm. Questions that is being asked is how the unemployed individual works in a society where wage labour is the dominant activity for the day. This is connected to a study of Möllevången, a district of Malmö, where the wage labour norm can be thought of as being challenged.